Actividad física y conducta sedentaria
A continuación se recogen los artículos de investigación publicados por el equipo HBSC. Para hacer más sencilla la búsqueda, los artículos se dividen por áreas temáticas. Pulse aquella que le interese y será redirigido a las publicaciones científicas publicadas en esta temática.
Actividad física y conductas sedentarias
A pesar de que las enfermedades crónicas asociadas con la inactividad física raramente se manifiestan antes de la adultez media, en la etapa adolescente ya se encuentran algunas relaciones con el sobrepeso y la obesidad, la salud músculo-esquelética y la salud mental, especialmente. Diferentes investigaciones demuestran la existencia de relación entre un nivel elevado de actividad física y mejores indicadores de salud en chicos y chicas de edad escolar. En este sentido, se han acumulado evidencias acerca del papel de la actividad física en el bienestar psicológico, fortaleciendo la autoestima, el autoconcepto y la percepción de sí mismo, valores todos ellos que protegen contra la depresión, obesidad y diversos comportamientos de riesgo, como abuso de sustancias y violencia. Por otro lado, algunos estudios han puesto de manifiesto un progresivo y alarmante deterioro en la capacidad aeróbica de los adolescentes respecto a lo que ocurría en décadas anteriores. Existen varias hipótesis para explicar estos resultados, siendo las más citadas el incremento del sedentarismo en las sociedades industrializadas y, por otra parte, la falta de tiempo para dedicar a la práctica deportiva, ya sea por la presión para el logroen la actividad escolar y futuro profesional o bien por la gran cantidad de actividades sociales o individuales que hoy día compiten con el tiempo y la energía que los adolescentes pueden dedicar a la práctica deportiva. En cuanto al incremento del tiempo dedicado a conductas sedentarias en las sociedades industrializadas, la Organización Mundial de la Salud en su “Informe sobre la salud en el mundo 2002” estima que los estilos de vida sedentarios son una de las 10 causas fundamentales de mortalidad y discapacidad en el mundo. Actualmente, las conductas sedentarias más frecuentes en esta etapa evolutiva tienen que ver con lo que se conoce con el tiempo dedicado a las pequeñas pantallas, habitualmente liderado por las horas dedicadas a ver televisión, pero cada vez está tomando más peso el tiempo que chicos y chicas dedican al uso de otros aparatos electrónicos, como por ejemplo son los ordenadores, tablets o smartphones.
A continuación se recogen los artículos de investigación publicados por el equipo HBSC en esta temática.
The Role of Body Image in Internalizing Mental Health Problems in Spanish Adolescents: An Analysis According to Sex, Age, and Socioeconomic Status.
    Ramos, P., Moreno-Maldonado, C., Moreno, C., & Rivera, F. (2019).
Frontiers in Psychology, 10:1952.
JCR (2018): PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY (40 OF 137): Q2
FI: 2,129
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Abstract: During adolescence there is a relatively high prevalence of weight problems and eating disorders. Furthermore, body image plays an important role in weight control and eating behaviors as well as in mental health. This study analyses the influence of body mass index, perception of being overweight, and body image satisfaction (BIS) on internalizing symptoms related to mental health in adolescents. In addition, sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), dieting, and physical activity are taken into consideration. This research is based on the international study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). The sample consists of 4531 Spanish adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Participants were selected through random multi-stage sampling stratified by conglomerates. Two instruments were employed: the HBSC questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, ASEBA). Results demonstrated that BIS –the emotional component related to body image– was the main predictor of adolescent internalizing symptoms. In addition, results show double-inequalities according to the interaction effects of sex, age, and SES. Likewise, interesting results are shown regarding how dieting behaviors to lose or gain weight/volume and physical activity relate to body image perception and satisfaction, as well as with internalizing symptoms. This study highlights important body image aspects relevant to intervention and prevention of internalized mental health problems in adolescence.
Direct and Indirect Influences of Objective Socioeconomic Position on Adolescent Health: The Mediating Roles of Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Lifestyles.
    Moreno-Maldonado, C., Ramos, P., Moreno, C., & Rivera, F. (2019).
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1637.
JCR (2018): ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (112 OF 250): Q2, PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (67 OF 185): Q2
FI: 2,468
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Abstract: The use of composite indices and subjective measures to evaluate socioeconomic position, taking into account the effect of inequalities on adolescent health-related behaviors, can contribute to understanding the effect of inequalities on health during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect contribution of objective and subjective socioeconomic factors in a broad range of health and lifestyles outcomes. The data come from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 15,340; M age = 13.69) of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Spain. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. A global index for evaluating objective socioeconomic position predicted both health and healthy lifestyles. Subjective socioeconomic status mediated the relationship between objective socioeconomic position and health but did not have a significant effect on healthy lifestyles when objective indicators were considered. Lastly, fit indices of the multiple-mediator model—including the direct effect of objective socioeconomic position on health and its indirect effects through the subjective perception of wealth and lifestyles—explained 28.7% of global health variance. Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of health inequalities should address, in addition to material deprivation, the psychological and behavioral consequences of feeling poor.
Multidimensional poverty among adolescents in 38 countries: Evidence from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2013/14 Study. 
Chzhen, Y., Bruckauf, Z., Toczydlowska, E., Elgar, F. J., Moreno-Maldonado, C., Stevens, G. W., ... & Gariépy, G. (2018).
Child Indicators Research, 11(3), 729–753.
JCR (2017) SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY (21 OF 98). Q1
FI: 1,858
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Abstract: This study applied UNICEF’s Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) framework to adolescents (aged 11, 13 and 15) in 37 European countries and Canada using data from the 2013/14 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey. It is one of the first applications of MODA based entirely on data collected from adolescents themselves rather than from household reference persons on their behalf. Unlike most other multidimensional child poverty studies, the present analysis focuses on non-material, relational aspects of child poverty. Substantial cross-country variation was found in the prevalence of adolescent deprivations in nutrition, perceived health, school environment, protection from peer violence, family environment and information access. These single dimensions of poverty did not closely relate to national wealth and income inequality. However, when we looked at deprivation in three or more dimensions (i.e., multidimensional poverty), we found association with income inequality. In most countries, girls were at a higher risk of multidimensional poverty than boys. In addition, adolescents who lived with both parents in the household or reported higher family wealth were consistently less poor than other adolescents, in both single and multiple dimensions. The results of this study show the interconnectedness of social (family, school support) and psychological (health and violence) dimensions of poverty for adolescents in higher income countries. Children poor in the domains of family and school environment are also likely to be poor in terms of perceived health and protection from peer violence. 
Indicadores para detectar y evaluar el impacto de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los estilos de vida y la salud de los adolescentes españoles.
Moreno-Maldonado, C., Moreno, C. y Rivera, F. (2016). 
Apuntes de Psicología, 34(2-3),177-188.
JSM (2015) PSYCOLOGY (923 OF 1027), Q4
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Abstract: En este estudio se comparan distintos indicadores socioeconómicos en cuanto a su capacidad para predecir desigualdades en la salud y los estilos de vida de la población adolescente. Los resultados muestran que la relación entre los diferentes indicadores socioeconómicos, a pesar de ser significativa, es débil, sugiriendo que cada uno evalúa en cierto grado aspectos distintos del constructo socioeconómico. Además, mientras que el nivel educativo de los progenitores, y especialmente el nivel educativo de las madres, es la variable que muestra mayor capacidad para detectar desigualdades en los estilos de vida adolescentes, la percepción subjetiva de riqueza se revela como el predictor más importante de las desigualdades en salud. Adicionalmente, los resultados de este estudio muestran que no todas las conductas relacionadas con los estilos de vida adolescente y su bienestar están igualmente influenciadas por determinantes socioeconómicos. De esta forma, mientras que las conductas relacionadas con los hábitos de alimentación o la salud adolescente se ven fuertemente influidas por factores socioeconómicos, el efecto de las desigualdades es menos claro en conductas tales como el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Esta investigación subraya la importancia de la elección de un determinado indicador en estudios que evalúan los efectos de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los estilos de vida y la salud adolescente. 
When foster care is called “home”: Risk and protective issues.
Camacho, I., Matos, M. G., Mota, C., Tomé, G., Reis, M., & Jiménez-Iglesias, A. (2016). 
British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 15(3), 1-12.
Revista nueva que ha iniciado los trámites para ser indexada en ISI/JCR y PubMed.
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Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to understand in depth the differences that exist between adolescents in foster care and adolescents living with their families (living with mother and father; living with mother or father; living with mother and stepfather; living with father and stepmother). Methodology: The Portuguese HBSC survey included 6026 students (47.7% were boys). Results: Adolescents in foster care when compared with their peers, show more risk behaviours such as: smoking, being drunk and being more violent. These adolescents often report that they are sad, nervous and angry, are more frequently worried, and practice less physical activity. Conclusion: Health promotion interventions with adolescents in foster care, similarly to those living in different types of family structures are important because they may prevent risk behaviours and promote health and well-being.  
Characterization of vulnerable and resilient Spanish adolescents in their developmental contexts.
Moreno, C., García-Moya, I., Rivera, F., & Ramos, P. (2016). 
Frontiers in Psychology, 7: 983.
JCR (2015): PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY (29 OF 129). Q1
FI: 2,463
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Abstract: Research on resilience and vulnerability can offer very valuable information for optimizing design and assessment of interventions and policies aimed at fostering adolescent health. This paper used the adversity level associated with family functioning and the positive adaptation level, as measured by means of a global health score, to distinguish four groups within a representative sample of Spanish adolescents aged 13–16 years: maladaptive, resilient, competent and vulnerable. The aforementioned groups were compared in a number of demographic, school context, peer context, lifestyles, psychological and socioeconomic variables, which can facilitate or inhibit positive adaptation in each context. In addition, the degree to which each factor tended to associate with resilience and vulnerability was examined. The majority of the factors operated by increasing the likelihood of good adaptation in resilient adolescents and diminishing it in vulnerable ones. Overall, more similarities than differences were found in the factors contributing to explaining resilience or vulnerability. However, results also revealed some differential aspects: psychological variables showed a larger explicative capacity in vulnerable adolescents, whereas factors related to school and peer contexts, especially the second, showed a stronger association with resilience. In addition, perceived family wealth, satisfaction with friendships and breakfast frequency only made a significant contribution to the explanation of resilience. The current study provides a highly useful characterization of resilience and vulnerability phenomena in adolescence.
Physical Activity Trends in Spanish Adolescents. 
Ramos, P., Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Rivera, F. & Moreno, C. (2016).  
Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 16(62), 335-353. 
JCR (2015): SPORT SCIENCES (74 OF 82). Q4
FI: 0,396
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Abstract: This study tries to find out the tendency of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and to assess whether the trends are maintained with regard to socio-demographic factors such as sex and age, and also socio-economic factors and how they vary depending on the region. The sample comprises Spanish adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years, from the 2002 and 2006 surveys of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The main results reveal that, despite a certain increase in physical activity level in the four years span between both surveys (particularly in younger adolescents), these levels are still a long way from the recommendations. Likewise, data highlight, as immediate needs, the promotion of an active lifestyle among adolescents from 13 years onwards (particularly among the girls) and also among adolescents of lower socio-economic status in some regions.
Recent changes in school-based policies on physical activity and nutrition in Spain.
Gallego, P., Galán, I., Medrano, M.J., Ramos, P., Rivera, F & Moreno, C. (2014). 
European Journal of Public Health, 24(6), 899-904. 
JCR: PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (44 OF 165). Q2
FI: 2,591
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Abstract: Background: This study evaluates the changes in Spain between 2006 and 2012, of school-based policies encouraging healthy eating and the undertaking of physical activity (PA). Methods: A longitudinal study was undertaken comprising 277 representative schools from all the regions of Spain. The questionnaires were completed by the school management board. An indicator for school policies on PA was constructed (score 0-4) from the following indicators: (i) participation in PA programmes, (ii) existence of written PA guidelines, (iii) training of teachers about PA and (iv) organization of extracurricular PA activities. For nutrition, indicators similar to the first three for PA were evaluated, together with access to healthy foods (score 0-4). In addition to comparing the scores for 2006 and 2012, multivariate linear regression was used to study the association between the characteristics of the schools and the changes in the scores. Results: The indicators for school-based policies on nutrition and PA improved between 2006 and 2012: the average score for PA increased from 1.33 to 1.79 (P < 0.001) and that for nutrition from 1.28 to 1.92 (P < 0.001). The greatest changes were seen regarding the written guidelines for action and participation in PA and nutrition programmes as well as the training of teachers about nutrition. The schools with the least number of students had the highest changes in scores for policies on nutrition (P < 0.05).
Individual Factors and School-Based Policies Related to Adherence to Physical Activity Recommendations in Spanish Adolescents.
Galán, I., Boix, R., Medrano, M. J., Ramos, P., Rivera, F. y Moreno, C. (2014).
Prevention Science, 15(4), 588-599.
JCR (2014): PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (14 OF 157). Q1
FI: 3,153 
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Abstract: Our objective was to identify individual- and school-level contextual factors related to adherence to the recommendations for physical activity in adolescents. The study used a representative sample of 15,902 students from 328 schools aged 11-18 years participating in the Spanish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey 2006. In addition to the student questionnaire, the school management board completed a questionnaire about school-based policies related to physical activity. Adherence to the recommendations was defined as "having carried out moderate and/or vigorous physical activity for at least 60 min a day on five or more days during the last week". Analysis was undertaken using multilevel logistic regression models. Individual factors associated in a statistically significant way with a higher non-compliance were: being female; being older; immigrants; tobacco smoking; being overweight or obese; low consumption of fruit and vegetables; low level of satisfaction with life; not having a high level of academic achievement; and spending a lot of time studying. The family variables were: not undertaking sports activities with the family; low socioeconomic status; and a low level of satisfaction with family relationships. Compared with schools that have a low level of policies to promote physical activities, those with a high level of promotion had an odds ratio of 0.76 (CI 95 %, 0.61-0.94). In summary, irrespective of personal and family factors, students from schools with better policies of promotion of physical activity showed a higher compliance with the recommendations.
Eating habits and physical activity in dieter and non-dieter youth: A gender analysis of English and Spanish adolescents.
Ramos, P., Brooks, F., García-Moya, I., Rivera, F., & Moreno, C. (2013). 
Social Science Journal, 50(4), 575–582. 
JCR: SOCIAL SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY (61 OF 92). Q3
FI: 0,483 
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Abstract: A high prevalence of youth is overweight or obese, and a frequent lack of monitoring of their weight control strategies is observed. Consequently, this paper compares the eating habits and physical activities of male and female dieters and non-dieters. Data are obtained from the large cross-national WHO collaborative study Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2010. The current sample consists of 9,444 students aged 11, 13 and 15 years from England and Spain. Participants are asked about dieting, vigorous and moderate to vigorous physical activity, breakfast frequency and fruit, vegetable, sweet and soft drink consumption. A logistic regression is used to examine the differences between dieters and non-dieters with regard to the aforementioned eating and physical activity habits. Differences between genders, countries, and those associated with BMI (body mass index) are also considered. The results suggest that the reality of weight control differs from the major health promotion recommendations during adolescence.
Iguales, familia y participación en actividades deportivas organizadas durante la adolescencia.
García-Moya, I, Moreno, C., Rivera, F., Ramos, P., & Jiménez-Iglesias, A. (2012). 
Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1), 153-158. 
JCR: APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY (51 OF 73). Q3
FI: 0,897
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Abstract: El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la influencia de la presencia de la actividad deportiva en el grupo de iguales y la familia en la frecuencia con que los adolescentes realizan actividades deportivas organizadas. Se empleó una muestra de 9821 adolescentes escolarizados españoles de entre 11 y 18 años procedentes de la edición 2010 del Estudio internacional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). Los resultados obtenidos mediante análisis multivariante de Answer Tree, indican que el género fue el mejor predictor de la actividad deportiva organizada, siendo la participación notablemente mayor en los chicos. En cuanto al papel del resto de variables, la presencia de la actividad deportiva en el grupo de iguales y las actividades familiares fueron las variables más influyentes en los chicos. En las chicas, en cambio, la edad surgió como primer factor y la influencia de familia y grupo de iguales fue distinta dependiendo de la edad. En conclusión, familia e iguales parecen ser influencias significativas en la implicación en actividades deportivas, aunque su papel es distinto dependiendo del género y la edad del adolescente.
Análisis de clúster de la actividad física y las conductas sedentarias de los adolescentes españoles, correlación con la salud biopsicosocial.
: Ramos, P., Rivera, F., Moreno, C., & Jiménez-Iglesias, A. (2012).  
Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1), 99-106.
JCR: APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY (51 OF 73). Q3
FI: 0,897
Enlace
Abstract: This study is part of the 2006 edition of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study. The data presented was drawn from a sample of 21,811 Spanish adolescents ranging from 11 to 18 years of age. Through a cluster analysis, General Lineal Model, significance and effect size tests, we obtained relevant information about the physical activity habits and sedentary behaviours of Spanish adolescents. It is evident that there is a risk situation in older adolescents, especially girls. These results have the advantage of relating to a global health score; clear indicators of the advantages of an active lifestyle for adolescents were obtained. Furthermore, these data provide information that is relevant to the displacement hypothesis, which is widely discussed in the scientific literature. In short, this paper provides interesting keys for theoretical debate and practical action in the field of physical activity during adolescence.
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