Consumo de sustancias

A continuación se recogen los artículos de investigación publicados por el equipo HBSC. Para hacer más sencilla la búsqueda, los artículos se dividen por áreas temáticas. Pulse aquella que le interese y será redirigido a las publicaciones científicas publicadas en esta temática.
Consumo de sustancias y otras conductas de riesgo
La llegada a la adolescencia supone un aumento de la prevalencia de las conductas de asunción de riesgos, entendiendo como tales conductas que suponen la activación y excitación de la persona al mismo tiempo que una elevada probabilidad de derivar en consecuencias negativas a corto o medio plazo. Entre las conductas de asunción de riesgos que más conocemos durante la adolescencia se encuentra el consumo de sustancias y la conducta antisocial. En este apartado describiremos algunos indicadores relacionados con uno y otro tipo de conducta de asunción de riesgos. La etapa de la adolescencia reúne una serie de características que la convierten en un momento del ciclo vital clave para el inicio en el consumo de sustancias. Este consumo se entiende entre los propios jóvenes como normativo, como aspecto característico de su grupo etario, y lo utilizan como una forma de acercarse y adaptarse a la sociedad adulta. Sin embargo, el cerebro del adolescente está aún en pleno proceso de maduración y desarrollo, lo que lo hace más vulnerable a los efectos adictivos de las drogas que el del adulto. Este hecho es especialmente relevante si tenemos en cuenta la evidencia de la existencia de una relación progresiva entre el consumo de las diferentes sustancias, de modo que el consumo de drogas legales (alcohol y tabaco)puede influir en el inicio del consumo de drogas ilegales. Para empezar, la adolescencia es un momento crítico en el establecimiento del comportamiento de fumar. Los expertos exponen varias razones que podrían explicar el hecho de que el consumo de tabaco pueda llegar a ser algo atractivo para los jóvenes, como es el control de estados de ánimo negativos que puede llegar a producir (por ejemplo, relajarse, concentrarse, reducir el estrés o reducir el aburrimiento), la facilidad para contactar y permanecer en un grupo (utilizando el tabaco como un vehículo para entrar en un grupo de amistad deseado, tener contacto con el otro sexo...), el control del peso (especialmente en las chicas) o la identificación con una determinada imagen de madurez y confianza en sí mismo. Sin embargo, más allá de los peligros a largo plazo del consumo de tabaco durante la adolescencia, este hábito tiene también efectos a corto plazo sobre algunos aspectos del funcionamiento físico de los jóvenes, como es la disminución de la aptitud física, el aumento de los problemas asmáticos y el aumento de la tos, sibilancias y dificultad para respirar. Si se excluye el tabaco y la cafeína, el alcohol es la droga más experimentada y consumida por los jóvenes. Sin embargo, el consumo de alcohol frecuente y excesivo durante la adolescencia está asociado a una serie de consecuencias negativas, como son, por ejemplo, continuidad en el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en la adultez, problemas académicos, relaciones sexuales no planificadas y de riesgo, accidentes de tráfico y diversos problemas físicos y emocionales. En lo que respecta al consumo de drogas ilegales, el cannabis (hachís o marihuana, "porros") es actualmente la droga ilegal más frecuentemente consumida tanto por adolescentes como por adultos. Diversos estudios científicos demuestran que el consumo prolongado de cannabis reduce el número de las pequeñas ramificaciones existentes en los pulmones y responsables del transporte de oxígeno a la sangre y de la evacuación de sustancias nocivas. Por lo tanto, su consumo excesivo puede provocar problemas de arritmia y principio de insuficiencia coronaria. Además, otros efectos negativos demostrados en algunos sujetos son la pérdida de la memoria a corto plazo, ansiedad, pérdida de control y, sobre todo en la etapa adolescente, falta de interés y desmotivación. Por último, en este texto se presentan resultados centrados en la conducta antisocial. Se entiende por conducta antisocial aquellas actuaciones que infringen las normas sociales y que constituyen una acción contra los demás. Son conductas antisociales el robo, el vandalismo o las peleas. Aunque sólo la mitad de los adolescentes que muestran conducta antisocial acaban mostrándolas en la adultez, todos los adultos antisociales han sido adolescentes antisociales. Este hecho muestra la necesidad del estudio de este tipo de conducta durante la adolescencia. De hecho, algunos estudios empíricos muestran que aunque las conductas antisociales que se cometen durante la adolescencia suelen ser leves, es en estos años cuando, por ejemplo, la agresividad se vuelve menos instrumental (las disputas no son para conseguir un objeto que tiene el otro niño, sino que tienen otros objetivos) aunque también sea menos frecuente (los niños y niñas se pelean con mayor frecuencia que los adolescentes aunque sea por motivos instrumentales).

A continuación se recogen los artículos de investigación publicados por el equipo HBSC en esta temática.

Trends in cannabis use among adolescents in Spain 2006-2018.

Leal-Lópoez, E., Sánchez-Queija, I., Rivera, F., Moreno, C. (2021).

Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2021.1988021. JCR IF (2020): 0,763 (Q4, SUBSTANCE ABUSE )

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Abstract: The use of composite indices and subjective measures to evaluate socioeconomic position, taking into account the effect of inequalities on adolescent health-related behaviors, can contribute to understanding the effect of inequalities on health during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect contribution of objective and subjective socioeconomic factors in a broad range of health and lifestyles outcomes. The data come from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 15,340; M age = 13.69) of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Spain. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. A global index for evaluating objective socioeconomic position predicted both health and healthy lifestyles. Subjective socioeconomic status mediated the relationship between objective socioeconomic position and health but did not have a significant effect on healthy lifestyles when objective indicators were considered. Lastly, fit indices of the multiple-mediator model—including the direct effect of objective socioeconomic position on health and its indirect effects through the subjective perception of wealth and lifestyles—explained 28.7% of global health variance. Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of health inequalities should address, in addition to material deprivation, the psychological and behavioral consequences of feeling poor.

Cross-national time trends in adolescent alcohol use from 2002 to 2014.

Leal-López, E., Sánchez-Queija, I., Vieno, A., Currie, D., Torsheim, T., Pavlova, D., Moreno-Maldonado, C., De Clercq, B., Kalman, M., Inchley, J. (2021).

European Journal of Public Health, ckab024. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab024. JCR IF (2021): 4.424 (Q2,PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SSCI)

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Background. Adolescent alcohol consumption is a major public health concern that should be continuously monitored. This study aims (i) to analyze country-level trends in weekly alcohol consumption, drunkenness and early initiation in alcohol consumption and drunkenness among 15-year-old adolescents from 39 countries and regions across Europe and North America between 2002 and 2014 and (ii) to examine the geographical patterns in adolescent alcohol-related behaviours. Methods. The sample was composed of 250 161 adolescents aged 15 from 39 countries and regions from Europe and North America. Survey years were 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. The alcohol consumption and drunkenness items of the HBSC questionnaire were employed. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Results. Data show a general decrease in all four alcohol variables between 2002 and 2014 except for some countries. However, there is variability both within a country (depending on the alcohol-related behaviour under study) and across countries (in the beginning and shape of trends). Some countries have not reduced or even increased their levels in some variables. Although some particularities have persisted over time, there are no robust patterns by regions. Conclusions. Despite an overall decrease in adolescent alcohol consumption, special attention should be paid to those countries where declines are not present, or despite decreasing, rates are still high. Further research is needed to clarify factors associated with adolescent drinking, to better understand country specificities and to implement effective policies.


Tendencias en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes escolarizados en España (2010-2018).

Leal, E., Sánchez-Queija, I., Rivera, F., Moreno, M.C. (2021).

Gaceta Sanitaria, 35, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.07.011 

JCR IF (2021): 2.479 (Q3, en Health Care Sciences and Service(Science); Public, Environmental and Occupational Health and Health Policy & Services)


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Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias en el consumo de cerveza, vino y licores destilados, así como de los episodios de embriaguez de los chicos y chicas adolescentes en España en 2010, 2014 y 2018, por sexo y edad. Método: La muestra está formada por 35.310 participantes de 15 a 18 anos de edad representativos de la población adolescente escolarizada en España en 2010, 2014 y 2018. El cuestionario empleado fue el de consumo de alcohol y de episodios de embriaguez consensuado por el equipo internacional del estudio. Para lograr el objetivo se estimaron las razones de prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza del 95% mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: Los datos muestran un descenso global entre 2010 y 2018 en el consumo de alcohol (tanto de cerveza como de vino y licores destilados) y en los episodios de embriaguez, aunque este descenso se concentra principalmente entre 2010 y 2014. Las diferencias según el sexo (mayor consumo frecuente y episodios de embriaguez en los chicos) se observan a los 17-18 años,  pero no a los 15-16 años. Respecto a la edad, el grupo de 17-18 a´ños presenta mayores niveles que el de 15-16 aos. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio confirman la importancia de realizar análisis específicos para identificar posibles grupos de riesgo que no se detectan con análisis más generales. Se destaca la necesidad de seguir trabajando en la prevención y en las políticas de control dado el riesgo de estabilización del consumo.

Association of alcohol control policies with adolescent alcohol consumption and with social inequality in adolescent alcohol consumption: A multilevel study in 33 countries and regions.

       Leal-López, E., Moreno-Maldonado, C., Inchley, J., Deforche, D., Van Havere, T., Van Dammeg, J., Buijs, T., Sánchez-Queija, I., Currie, D., Vieno, A., De Clercq, B. (2020)

International Journal of Drug Policy.

JCR (2019): SUBSTANCE USE (3 OF 36): Q1
FI: 4.444

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Abstract: Background Previous research found inconsistent associations between alcohol control policies and socioeconomic inequality with adolescent drinking outcomes. This study expands the focus beyond individual associations to examine whether a combination of policies is related to socioeconomic inequality in adolescent drinking outcomes and whether this relationship varies across survey years. Methods Multilevel modelling of 4 waves of repeat cross-sectional survey data (2001/02, 2005/06, 2009/10, and 2013/14) from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study was carried out. The sample was composed of 671,084 adolescents (51% girls) aged 11, 13, and 15 (mean age=13.58; SD=1.65) from 33 European and North American countries/regions. The dependent variables were lifetime alcohol consumption, weekly alcohol consumption, and lifetime drunkenness. Independent variables were of three types: individual-level variables (age, sex, Family Affluence Scale, and the Perceived Family Wealth), time-level variable (survey year), and context-level variables (minimum legal drinking age, physical availability, advertising restrictions, a total alcohol policy index, and affordability of alcohol). Results The total alcohol policy index showed a negative relationship with both lifetime and weekly consumption. Higher affordability of alcohol was related to higher lifetime and weekly consumption and higher lifetime drunkenness. Family Affluence Scale was positively related to all three alcohol measures and Perceived Family Wealth was negatively related to lifetime drunkenness, with these associations increasing across survey years. The total alcohol policy index buffered the associations of Family Affluence Scale and Perceived Family Wealth with adolescent drinking outcomes. Conclusion A combination of alcohol control policies is more effective in reducing adolescent drinking outcomes than single policy measures. Reducing the affordability of alcohol stood out as the most successful single measure. Socioeconomic inequalities (i.e. higher alcohol consumption and drunkenness in adolescents with higher family affluence and higher drunkenness in adolescents perceiving their families to be poor) have persisted and even increased across survey years. A combined alcohol control policy can help in tackling them.

Direct and Indirect Influences of Objective Socioeconomic Position on Adolescent Health: The Mediating Roles of Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Lifestyles.
    Moreno-Maldonado, C., Ramos, P., Moreno, C., & Rivera, F. (2019).
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1637.
JCR (2018): ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (112 OF 250): Q2, PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (67 OF 185): Q2
FI: 2,468
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Abstract: The use of composite indices and subjective measures to evaluate socioeconomic position, taking into account the effect of inequalities on adolescent health-related behaviors, can contribute to understanding the effect of inequalities on health during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect contribution of objective and subjective socioeconomic factors in a broad range of health and lifestyles outcomes. The data come from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 15,340; M age = 13.69) of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Spain. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. A global index for evaluating objective socioeconomic position predicted both health and healthy lifestyles. Subjective socioeconomic status mediated the relationship between objective socioeconomic position and health but did not have a significant effect on healthy lifestyles when objective indicators were considered. Lastly, fit indices of the multiple-mediator model—including the direct effect of objective socioeconomic position on health and its indirect effects through the subjective perception of wealth and lifestyles—explained 28.7% of global health variance. Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of health inequalities should address, in addition to material deprivation, the psychological and behavioral consequences of feeling poor.
Tendencias en el consumo de tabaco adolescente en España (2002-2018).
Leal-López, E., Sánchez-Queija, I., y Moreno, C. (2019).
Adicciones
JCR (2018) SUBSTANCE ABUSE (6 OF 19). Q2
FI: 3.167
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Abstract: Smoking is the single greatest preventable cause of death in the world today. Adolescence is the developmental period during which smoking is most commonly initiated and addiction is likely to happen. The aim of this study is to examine trends in tobacco use among school-aged adolescents in Spain from 2002 to 2018 by sex and age. The sample is composed of 51,046 adolescents aged 15 to 18. Data is representative of the adolescent school population in Spain in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. The smoking questionnaire provided by the international team of the study Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) was used. Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic regression. Data show a decrease in daily tobacco use between 2002 (26.5%) and 2018 (8.7%), but no change was found between 2006 (17.9%) and 2010 (17.4%). This decreasing pattern is stronger in girls than boys to the extent that no differences by sex were found in 2018. Similarly, the decrease was greater in older adolescents, but in this case, the differences by age remained. Daily smoking prevalence among Spanish adolescents aged 15 to 18 in 2018 is 8.7%. Results confirm the need to maintain tobacco prevention and
control policies. Measures are presented in order to fight this public health problem.
School Performance Paths: Personal and Contextual Factors Related to Top Performers and Low Achievers in Portugal and Spain. 
Simões, C., Rivera, F., Moreno, C., & Gaspar de Matos, M. (2018). 
 The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, E36.
JCR (2017) PSYCHOLOGY (71 OF 78). Q4
FI: 0.629
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Abstract: School performance is a critical aspect of adolescents’ lives. Several factors have an impact on school performance. The aim of this study is to analyse the relevant personal and contextual variables associated with top performance and low achievement in a sample of Portuguese and Spanish adolescent students. The sample included 1,564 adolescents, mean age 14 years old, and was collected from the HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children) survey. The questions in this study covered sociodemographic, health and wellbeing, health-related behaviours, family, school and peers. Results show that students with low performance more frequently have worse social-contextual and personal/health-related indicators, while the opposite is the case for top performers. Student-teacher relationships appeared as the most influential variable on school performance paths (χ2(2) = 328.11, p < .001), but other variables within families (e.g. mother studies, χ2(2) = 50.54, p < .001) and schools (e.g. liking the school, χ2(1) = 16.27, p < .001 and χ2(1) = 22.54, p < .01, in the low and high student-teacher relationship branches of a decision tree, respectively), as well as some health and wellbeing variables (e.g. health related-quality of life, χ2(2) = 53.58, p < .001, and χ2(2) = 63.86, p < .001, in the low and high student-teacher relationship branches, respectively) appeared significant in the paths.
Social support from developmental contexts and adolescent substance use and well-being: A comparative study of Spain and Portugal.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Camacho, I., Rivera, F., Moreno, C. y Matos, M. G.  (2017). 
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20. e64.
JCR (2016) PSYCHOLOGY (70 OF 77). Q4
FI: 0,502
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of social support from family, friend and school (teacher and classmate) contexts in substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) and well-being (life satisfaction and health-related quality of life). Participants were 5,784 Portuguese and 22,610 Spanish adolescents aged 11 to 16 years, from the 2014 edition of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Portugal and Spain. Results showed that for a higher life satisfaction, family (p < .001, partial η2 = .032), teacher (p < .001, partial η2 = .018) and classmate (p < .001, partial η2 = .031) support were important in Portugal, and family (p < .001, partial η2 = .056) and friend (p < .001, partial η2 = .015) support in Spain. Similarly, for a better health-related quality of life, all the social support variables were relevant in Portugal (family: p < .001, partial η2 = .063; teacher: p < .001, partial η2 = .032; classmate: p < .001, partial η2= .054; friend: p < .001, partial η2 = .034) and in Spain (family: p < .001, partial η2 = .054; teacher: p < .001, partial η2 = .014; classmate: p < .001, partial η2 = .018; friend: p < .001, partial η2 = .040). In contrast, only family support (p < .001, partial η2 = .014) was relevant in Portugal for tobacco use. Therefore, social support was more relevant for adolescent well-being than for adolescent substance use, and the most relevant source of support was family support, in both Spain and Portugal.
Emotional and psychosocial factors associated with drunkenness and the use of tobacco and cannabis in adolescence: Independent or interactive effects?
García-Moya, I., Ortiz Barón, M. J, y Moreno, C.  (2017). 
Substance Use & Misuse, 52(8), 1039-1050.
JCR (2016) SUBSTANCE ABUSE (26 OF 34) Q4
FI: 1,234
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Abstract: Although previous research has examined emotional and psychosocial factors associated with substance use, there is a paucity of studies examining both at the same time, and insufficient attention has been paid to how these factors may interact. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to simultaneously examine the contributions from emotional (emotional control and depression) and psychosocial (peers' conventional behavior, peers' substance use and parent-child relationships) factors to drunkenness and the use of tobacco and cannabis in adolescence. METHODS: Sample consisted of 1,752 adolescents aged 15 to 16 years who had participated in the 2014 edition of the WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey in Spain. Data were collected by means of anonymous online questionnaires, and hierarchical multiple regression models (with sex and age as controls and including interactions among the examined predictors) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Emotional and psychosocial factors showed significant interactive effects on substance use. Emotional control, which tended to buffer the effects of potential risk factors, and peers' substance use were consistent predictors of substance use. In contrast, the role of other factors depended on the substance under study, with depression and peers' conventional behavior being part of interactive terms for tobacco use and cannabis use only, and the quality of parent-child relationships being absent from the final model on cannabis use. Conclusions/Importance: Exploring interactions and potential substance-specific effects is fundamental to reach a better understanding of how emotional and psychosocial factors work in concert relative to substance use in adolescence.
Revisión teórica de trabajos realizados dentro del marco del estudio HBSC en España sobre el conocimiento parental en la adolescencia.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A. y Moreno, C. (2016).
Apuntes de Psicología, 34(2-3), 171-176.
JSM (2015) PSYCOLOGY (923 OF 1027), Q4
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Abstract: El conocimiento parental es una dimensión familiar relevante en la etapa evolutiva de la adolescencia. Esta dimensión familiar ha sido uno de los objetos de análisis dentro del equipo español del estudio Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión teórica de los principales trabajos publicados y llevados a cabo dentro del estudio HBSC en España en relación con el conocimiento parental. Estos trabajos han permitido estudiar la evolución del conocimiento parental en diferentes ediciones 2002, 2006, 2010 y 2014 del estudio HBSC, analizar las dimensiones familiares implicadas en que padres y madres consigan conocimiento sobre sus hijos e hijas adolescentes y examinar las posibles repercusiones del conocimiento parental sobre el consumo de sustancias y el bienestar de los chicos y las chicas adolescentes. Por tanto, estos trabajos han contribuido a ampliar el conocimiento científico y aportar interesantes implicaciones prácticas en torno al conocimiento parental en la adolescencia.
Indicadores para detectar y evaluar el impacto de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los estilos de vida y la salud de los adolescentes españoles.
Moreno-Maldonado, C., Moreno, C. y Rivera, F. (2016). 
Apuntes de Psicología, 34(2-3),177-188.
JSM (2015) PSYCOLOGY (923 OF 1027), Q4
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Abstract: En este estudio se comparan distintos indicadores socioeconómicos en cuanto a su capacidad para predecir desigualdades en la salud y los estilos de vida de la población adolescente. Los resultados muestran que la relación entre los diferentes indicadores socioeconómicos, a pesar de ser significativa, es débil, sugiriendo que cada uno evalúa en cierto grado aspectos distintos del constructo socioeconómico. Además, mientras que el nivel educativo de los progenitores, y especialmente el nivel educativo de las madres, es la variable que muestra mayor capacidad para detectar desigualdades en los estilos de vida adolescentes, la percepción subjetiva de riqueza se revela como el predictor más importante de las desigualdades en salud. Adicionalmente, los resultados de este estudio muestran que no todas las conductas relacionadas con los estilos de vida adolescente y su bienestar están igualmente influenciadas por determinantes socioeconómicos. De esta forma, mientras que las conductas relacionadas con los hábitos de alimentación o la salud adolescente se ven fuertemente influidas por factores socioeconómicos, el efecto de las desigualdades es menos claro en conductas tales como el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Esta investigación subraya la importancia de la elección de un determinado indicador en estudios que evalúan los efectos de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los estilos de vida y la salud adolescente.
When foster care is called “home”: Risk and protective issues.
Camacho, I., Matos, M. G., Mota, C., Tomé, G., Reis, M., & Jiménez-Iglesias, A.  (2016). 
British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 15(3), 1-12.
Revista nueva que ha iniciado los trámites para ser indexada en ISI/JCR y PubMed.
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Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to understand in depth the differences that exist between adolescents in foster care and adolescents living with their families (living with mother and father; living with mother or father; living with mother and stepfather; living with father and stepmother). Methodology: The Portuguese HBSC survey included 6026 students (47.7% were boys). Results: Adolescents in foster care when compared with their peers, show more risk behaviours such as: smoking, being drunk and being more violent. These adolescents often report that they are sad, nervous and angry, are more frequently worried, and practice less physical activity. Conclusion: Health promotion interventions with adolescents in foster care, similarly to those living in different types of family structures are important because they may prevent risk behaviours and promote health and well-being.
Characterization of vulnerable and resilient Spanish adolescents in their developmental contexts.
Moreno, C., García-Moya, I., Rivera, F., & Ramos, P. (2016). 
Frontiers in Psychology, 7: 983.
JCR (2015): PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY (29 OF 129). Q1
FI: 2,463
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Abstract: Research on resilience and vulnerability can offer very valuable information for optimizing design and assessment of interventions and policies aimed at fostering adolescent health. This paper used the adversity level associated with family functioning and the positive adaptation level, as measured by means of a global health score, to distinguish four groups within a representative sample of Spanish adolescents aged 13–16 years: maladaptive, resilient, competent and vulnerable. The aforementioned groups were compared in a number of demographic, school context, peer context, lifestyles, psychological and socioeconomic variables, which can facilitate or inhibit positive adaptation in each context. In addition, the degree to which each factor tended to associate with resilience and vulnerability was examined. The majority of the factors operated by increasing the likelihood of good adaptation in resilient adolescents and diminishing it in vulnerable ones. Overall, more similarities than differences were found in the factors contributing to explaining resilience or vulnerability. However, results also revealed some differential aspects: psychological variables showed a larger explicative capacity in vulnerable adolescents, whereas factors related to school and peer contexts, especially the second, showed a stronger association with resilience. In addition, perceived family wealth, satisfaction with friendships and breakfast frequency only made a significant contribution to the explanation of resilience. The current study provides a highly useful characterization of resilience and vulnerability phenomena in adolescence.
Tendencias en el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes escolarizados españoles a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI.
Sánchez-Queija, I., Ramos, P., Rivera, F. & Moreno, C. (2015). 
Gaceta Sanitaria, 29(3), 184-189.
JCR (2014): PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (114 OF 165). Q3
FI: 1,186
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Abstract: Objective: To determine trends in beer, wine, and liquor consumption among Spanish adolescents in 2002, 2006, and 2010, as well as drunkenness trends during the same period. Method: The study sample was composed of 23,169 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years old: 7,103 in 2002, 10,443 in 2006 and 5,623 in 2010. In the three time points of the study, the data were representative of Spanish adolescent students. We used the alcohol consumption questionnaire designed by the international team of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals through logistic regressions. Results: The main results showed a decrease in frequent consumption of wine and liquor from 2002 to 2010. This decrease was maintained after controlling for the variability due to the participants' gender and age. However, an increasing trend was found in drunkenness episodes in the different cohorts of the adolescents under study. Conclusions: The results of this study are of particular importance in the analysis of the effects of the public health policies implemented during this time period. We also found changes in consumption patterns of the various alcoholic drinks, which may constitute key information in the design of new public health policies.
La influencia de las diferencias entre el padre y la madre sobre el ajuste adolescente.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A. & Moreno, C. (2015). 
Anales de Psicología, 31(1), 367-377.
JCR (2015): PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY (99 OF 129). Q4
FI: 0,574
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Abstract: This paper analyzes how the differences between father and mother in affection, promotion of autonomy, disclosure, solicitation and knowledge influence on substance use (tobacco, alcohol and cannabis) and psychological well-being (health-related quality of life and life satisfaction). The sample was composed of 10170 boys and girls aged 13 to 18 years from two-parent families who participated in 2006 edition of Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Results indicated that adolescents whose both parents had high values for the different family dimensions used less substance and scored higher in psychological well-being. In contrast, the adjustment of adolescents whose both parents had low values for the different family dimensions was worse. Specifically, the most important dimension for substance use was parental knowledge and for psychological well-being was parental affection; adolescent disclosure was only relevant for alcohol use and quality of life, and parental promotion of autonomy for quality of life.
Perceived quality of social relations and frequent drunkenness: A cross-sectional study of Spanish adolescents. 
Kjærulff, T.M., Rivera, F., Jiménez-Iglesias, A. & Moreno, C. (2014). 
Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(4), 466-471
JCR (2014): SUBSTANCE ABUSE (5 OF 35). Q1
FI: 2,889
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Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine, for female and male students separately, whether perceived quality of relationships with peers and parents and relations in school predict self-reported frequent drunkenness among Spanish adolescents. METHODS: The Spanish data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study (HBSC) 2010 survey were used including 1177 female and 1126 male students aged between 15 and 16 years. Results: For both genders, students reporting low school satisfaction had increased odds of frequent drunkenness. Among females, low and medium levels of classmate support were associated with decreased odds of frequent drunkenness, whereas low perceived maternal knowledge as well as medium and low satisfaction with the family increased odds of being frequently drunk. The proportion of male students reporting medium satisfaction with friendships had significantly lower odds of frequent drunkenness compared with those with high level of satisfaction with friendships. Conclusion: We found different associations between perceived quality of social relations and frequent drunkenness among male and female students. Results showed that social relations seemed to better predictors of frequent drunkenness among female than male students and that other factors than social relations may contribute to explain excessive alcohol use among Spanish adolescents.
The role of the family in promoting responsible substance use in adolescence.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Moreno, C., Rivera, F., & García-Moya, I. (2013). 
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 585-602.
JCR: FAMILY STUDIES (22 OF 39). Q3 / PSYCHIATRY (90 OF 124). Q3 / DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (57 OF 65). Q4
FI: 1,016
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the role of family dimensions in tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among adolescents. Furthermore, we investigated how demographic variables (adolescents’ gender and age) influence substance use and moderate the relationship between family dimensions and substance use. The sample consisted of 14,825 adolescents aged 13–14, 15–16, and 17–18 who participated in the 2006 edition of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Spain. The HBSC-2006 questionnaire included demographic variables (gender and age), substance use variables (tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use), and family dimensions (parental affection, parental promotion of autonomy, family activities, adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental knowledge). The results indicated that adolescent disclosure, family activities, and parental knowledge had a significant effect on substance use. Specifically, maternal variables were shown to be slightly more relevant than paternal variables. Additionally, substance use was higher in older adolescents than in younger adolescents, and boys smoked less than girls. The discussion focused on how family dimensions promoted responsible substance use in adolescence.
Sense of coherence and substance use in Spanish adolescents. Does the effect of SOC depend on patterns of substance use in their peer group?
García-Moya, I., Jiménez-Iglesias, A., & Moreno, C. (2013). 
Adicciones, 25(2), 109-117.
JCR: SUBSTANCE ABUSE (23 OF 35). Q3
FI: 1,167
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Abstract: The aims of this work were to analyse the relationships between sense of coherence (SOC) and substance use among Spanish adolescents and to examine the potential moderator effect of the patterns of substance use in the peer group. Sample consisted of 5475 Spanish adolescents aged 15 to 18 from the 2010 edition of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Statistical analysis included cluster analysis to identify groups of adolescents according to their peer group's patterns of substance use and logistic regression with SOC and peers' pattern of consumption as predictors of current tobacco use, current alcohol use, life-time drunkenness and current drunkenness. The results showed that a strong SOCseemed to reduce the adolescents' likelihood of involving in tobacco use and drunkenness, but it was not associated with being a current drinker. In addition, the protective effect of SOC was moderated by peers' patterns of substance use. Specifically, SOC had a significant protective influence inadolescents whose peer group showed either a nonconsumption pattern or a pattern of frequent alcohol use and occasional drunkenness; but the protective effect of SOC disappeared if peers showed a pattern of consumption that included illegal drugs. In conclusion, SOC tends to act as a protective personal variable with respect to substance use during adolescence, but the influence exerted by the peer group seems to moderate the aforementioned protective effect of SOC.
Parental Knowledge and Adolescent Adjustment: Substance use and Health-Related Quality of Life.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Moreno, C., Granado-Alcón, M.C., & López, A.   (2012). 
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 132-144.
JCR: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PSYCHOLOGY (73 OF 126). Q3
FI: 0,827
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Abstract: This study analyses two models (maternal and paternal) in which parental care and sources of parental knowledge moderated the relationship between parents' knowledge about their adolescents' lives and adolescents' substance use and health-related quality of life. The sample was made up of 15942 Spanish adolescents who participated in the 2006 edition of Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study. Results showed that increased parents' knowledge about their adolescents' lives reduced adolescents' substance use and increased their quality of life. With respect to the moderation relationship, a limited effect was found. However, parental care and sources of parental knowledge used by both parents generally had main effects on adolescents' substance use and health-related quality of life, with care being the most relevant variable in the health-relatedquality of life, while knowledge was the most relevant one for substance use.
Substance use in Portuguese and Spanish adolescents: Highlights from differences and similarities and moderate effects.
Simões, C., Gaspar-Matos, M., Moreno, C., Rivera, F., Batista-Foguet, J. M., & Simons-Morton, B.  (2012). 
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1024-1037.
JCR: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PSYCHOLOGY (73 OF 126). Q3
FI: 0,827
Enlace
Abstract: Many behaviors with lasting health impact are initiated in adolescence. Substance use is one such behavior. To analyse the factors involved in adolescent substance use among Portuguese and Spanish boys and girls, an explanatory model was developed using structural equations modelling. The model proposes that the impact of social contexts (family, friends, classmates and teachers) on substance use (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs) is mediated by perceptions of well-being (psychological symptoms, well-being and school satisfaction). Data on 1589 Portuguese (mean age = 13.27, SD = .59) and 4191 Spanish adolescents (mean age = 13.21; SD = .47) who took part in the HBSC/WHO survey were analysed. The model fits the data of each country (CFI > .90; RMSEA < .03) and the majority of the relationships proposed in the model have been as expected for both samples. The relations with a major effect, for both countries, were: the negative effect of family on psychological symptoms and the positive effect of family on subjective well-being; the negative effect of classmates on psychological symptoms; the positive effect of teachers on school satisfaction; the effect of psychological symptoms (negative) and school satisfaction (positive) on well-being; the negative effect of school satisfaction on tobacco and alcohol use; and the positive effect of tobacco on alcohol use, and alcohol use on cannabis. For each of the dependent factors studied (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs), the levels of explained variance varied between 9% (for tobacco use) and 46% (for alcohol use). Some non-invariant paths were obtained in country comparisons, controlling for gender. In multivariate analyses the paths from tobacco use to cannabis and from alcohol to cannabis were significant, but much stronger for Spanish girls than Portuguese girls.
The classification of Spanish adolescents based on substance consumption patterns and the analysis of the relationships within their social developmental contexts.
Ramos, P., Moreno, C., Rivera, F., & López, A.  (2011). 
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14 (2), 734-745.
JCR: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PSYCHOLOGY (72 OF 125). Q3
FI: 0,740
Enlace
Abstract: This research is part of the 2006 edition of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The data presented were composed of a sample of 15942 adolescents ranging from 13 to 18 years of age. The instruments used included a variety of questions related to substance consumption among adolescents, their bio-psycho-social adjustment and developmental contexts, all of which are part of the HBSC study instrument bank. Through classification analysis, as well as significance and effect size tests, we obtained relevant information about the current epidemiology of substance consumption among Spanish adolescents. These results are representative of the Spanish adolescent population which allows the typical risk profile attributed to young people to be clarified. A gradual adjustment can be seen in terms of substance consumption levels in youth and that same level in their friends. Likewise, the analysis of the developmental context (family, friends and school) provides important information when it comes to preventing substance consumption, thus showing the advantages that coherence and connection have between the different environments where youth live, grow up and develop.
Una aproximación a la evaluación de la eficacia de un programa de prevención de drogodependencias en Educación Secundaria en Andalucía.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Moreno, C., Oliva, A., & Ramos, P. (2010).
Adicciones, 22 (3), 253- 265.
JCR: SUBSTANCE ABUSE (16 OF 29). Q3
FI: 1,127
Enlace
Abstract: This article examines the analysis of drug use among Secondary Education students in Andalusia from two different studies: the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study (HBSC), in its 2006 edition, and a study assessing the implementation of the Prevenir para Vivir ("Prevent to Live") drug use prevention program in the education field. To this end, on the one hand the paper analyzes the use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among Andalusian adolescents on the HBSC Study, and on the other, selects two groups of adolescents to examine and compare their drug use: a group from the HBSC Study who had not participated in any drug use prevention program and in whose schools the staff had not received training in relation to these issues (called HBSC Control Group), and a group of adolescents who had participated in the Prevenir para Vivir drug use prevention program working with specialized staff (called Prevenir para Vivir Experimental Group). The results indicate, first, higher levels of drug use in older students than in younger ones; and, second, on comparing the two groups, that adolescents who have received drug prevention programs with specialized staff are not always those most likely to present healthier drug use. These results must therefore be interpreted as offering only limited support to drug use prevention programs.
El consumo de tabaco y alcohol en los adolescentes españoles y los programas educativos escolares de prevención de drogodependencias.
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Ramos, P., Rivera, F., & Moreno, C.  (2010).
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychology|| Revista de Psicologia da criança e do adolescente, 1(1), 15-30.
Revista indexada en Base Lusíada, Fonte Académica y Latindex.
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Abstract: This article, which has used data from the 2006 edition of the “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children” (HBSC) Study, focuses on assessing the effectiveness of the drug addiction prevention programs. The analysis centres on the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, bearing in mind the gender, school year and family income of two groups of adolescents in secondary school: one group that has not received any substance abuse prevention program nor have the teachers had training in the prevention of substance abuse (identified as the control group) and another group composed of those adolescents that have received some type substance abuse prevention and whose teachers had specific training in this area (identified as the experimental group). The results showed significantly lower consumption only for some adolescents from the experimental group: those in year 1 (consumption of tobacco and alcohol), as well as those with low income (consumption of tobacco). Therefore, the data seems to indicate that the school substance drug abuse prevention programs are more effective, both for boys and girls, at the start of the secondary education and, particularly with regards to the use of tobacco, when the family income level is low.
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